ABSTRACT This paper addresses the study of the bubble filter and web information. The main purpose was to analyze how the bubble filter, in its purpose of algorithmically managing content, can ensure the diversity of information sources for Internet users. For this purpose, a descriptive investigation was carried out with the scope of explanation and interpretation based on the systematic review of specialized literature in the Scopus, Web of Science, and SciE-LO databases, mainly. For the collection of information, the documentary review technique was chosen using the instrument of documentary analysis cards. It is concluded that the bubble filter impacts the right to information, as it affects the complete perception of reality and the understanding of the world. This is due to the delivery of information and the hiding of information that is managed by this algorithm, as it turns out to be a spiral of ideologies, tastes, preferences recorded and stored in the user's browsing, avoiding the knowledge of contrary or alternate positions. content users Scopus Science SciELO SciE LO databases mainly cards world algorithm ideologies tastes user s browsing positions

RESUMEN El presente trabajo aborda el estudio del filtro burbuja y la información web. El objetivo principal fue analizar cómo el filtro burbuja, en su propósito de gestionar algo-rítmicamente los contenidos, permite garantizar la diversidad de fuentes de información en los usuarios de Internet. Para dicho fin, se realizó una investigación descriptiva con alcance de explicación e interpretación basada en la revisión sistemática de la literatura especializada en las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science y SciELO, principalmente. Para la recolección de información, se optó por la técnica de revisión documental utilizando el instrumento de fichas de análisis documental. Se concluye que el filtro burbuja impacta en el derecho a la información, pues afecta la percepción completa de la realidad y la comprensión del mundo. Ello obedece a que la entrega de la información y el ocultamiento de la información que es administrada por este algoritmo resultan ser una espiral de ideologías, gustos, preferencias registradas y almacenadas en las navegaciones del usuario, que evitan el conocimiento de posiciones contrarias o alternas. web algorítmicamente algo rítmicamente contenidos Internet fin Scopus SciELO principalmente mundo ideologías gustos usuario alternas

RESUMEN Objetivo . Traducir y adaptar culturalmente el Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) a tres variedades del quechua y analizar su validez, confiabilidad e invarianza. Materiales y métodos . 1) Fase de adaptación cultural: el PHQ-9 fue traducido del inglés a tres variantes del quechua (Central, Chanca, Cuzco-Collao) y traducido nuevamente al inglés, posteriormente expertos y grupos focales permitieron adaptar culturalmente las traducciones. 2) Fase psicométrica: se evaluó la uni-dimensionalidad del PHQ-9 adaptado mediante un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (CFA), la confiabilidad se evaluó mediante consistencia interna (Alpha y Omega), y la invarianza de medida según variedades del quechua y variables sociodemográficas se evaluó empleando CFA multigrupos y modelos MIMIC (Múltiples Indicadores y Múltiples Causas). Resultados . Cada una de las adaptaciones del PHQ-9 a las tres variedades de quechua reportaron ítems claros y culturalmente equivalentes. Posteriormente, con 970 datos de quechuahablantes adultos varones y mujeres, el modelo general unidimensional reportó un ajuste adecuado (índice de ajuste comparativo: 0,990, índice de Tucker-Lewis: 0,987, residuo estandarizado cuadrático medio: 0,048, raíz del error cuadrático medio de aproximación: 0,071), lo mismo ocurrió para cada variedad del quechua. La confiabilidad fue alta para todas las variedades (α = 0,865 - 0,915; ω = 0,833 - 0,881). Los resultados del CFA multigrupos y modelos MIMIC confirmaron invarianza de medida según variante del quechua, sexo, residencia, edad, estado civil y nivel educativo. Conclusiones . Las adaptaciones del PHQ-9 a Quechua Central, Chanca y Cuzco-Collao ofrecen una medición válida, confiable e invariante, confirmando que se pueden hacer comparaciones en los grupos evaluados. Su uso beneficiará a la investigación y a la atención en salud mental de poblaciones quechuahablantes.

ABSTRACT Objective . To translate and culturally adapt the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to three varieties of Quechua and analyse their validity, reliability, and measurement invariance. Materials and methods . 1) Cultural adaptation phase: the PHQ-9 was translated from English into three variants of Quechua (Central, Chanca, Cuzco-Collao) and translated again into English. Then, experts and focus groups allowed the translations to be culturally adapted. 2) Psychometric phase: the unidimensionality of the adapted PHQ-9 was evaluated by using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), reliability was evaluated by internal consistency (Alpha and Omega), and measurement invariance according to Quechua varieties and sociodemographic variables was evaluated by using CFA, multigroups and MIMIC models (Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause). Results . Each of the adaptations of the PHQ-9 to the three Quechua varieties reported clear and culturally equivalent items. Subsequently, data from 970 Quechua-speaking adult men and women were analyzed. The general one-dimensional model reported an adequate fit (Comparative fit index = 0.990, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.987, Standardized root mean squared residual= 0.048, Root mean squared error of approximation=0.071); each of the Quechua varieties also showed an adequate fit. Reliability was high for all varieties (α = 0.865 - 0.915; ω = 0.833 - 0.881). The results of the multigroup CFA and MIMIC models confirmed measurement invariance according to Quechua variant, sex, residence, age, marital status and educational level. Conclusions . The PHQ-9 adaptations to Central Quechua, Chanca and Cuzco-Collao offer a valid, reliable and invariant measurement, confirming that comparisons can be made between the evaluated groups. Its use will benefit mental health research and care for Quechua-speaking populations.

ABSTRACT The study analyzes the policies of social and cultural inclusion in universities in Ancash, Peru. Socioculturally, Ancash has always been diverse; currently, ancestral cultural traditions are still in practice, and there are more than 500,000 Quechua speakers. There are five universities in Ancash, two public universities with degrees and three private universities, one with degrees and two without. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. The results report that only one public university carries out two initial actions of sociocultural inclusion with an intercultural perspective: the incorporation of Quechua and some Andean culture topics in the curriculum, and the access of students from rural communities to the university through a special admission exam. However, intercultural teachers do not have the required profile. Thus, Ancash universities show a lack of greater commitment and coherence with the sociocultural and sociolinguistic diversity of the region and the country. Therefore, innovative, reflective, inclusive and intercultural universities are needed to train competent human resources in, with and for diversity.

RESUMEN El estudio analiza las políticas de inclusión social y cultural en las universidades en Áncash (Perú). Socioculturalmente, Áncash siempre fue diverso. En la actualidad, siguen vigentes las tradiciones culturales ancestrales y existen más de 500 000 quechuahablantes. Allí funcionan cinco universidades, dos públicas licenciadas y tres privadas, una licenciada y dos no licenciadas. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Los resultados reportan que solo una universidad pública realiza dos acciones iniciales de inclusión sociocultural con perspectiva intercultural: la incorporación del quechua y algunos temas de la cultura andina en el currículo, y el acceso de estudiantes de las comunidades campesinas a la universidad mediante un examen de admisión especial. Empero, los docentes formadores en interculturalidad no cuentan con el perfil requerido. Así, las universidades ancashinas muestran la falta de un mayor compromiso y de coherencia con la diversidad sociocultural y sociolingüística de la región y del país. Entonces, se necesita de universidades innovadoras, reflexivas, inclusivas e interculturales para formar recursos humanos competentes en, con y para la diversidad.

This paper describes and analyzes, from the linguistic and literary perspectives, the expressive, literary and linguistic-communicative resources in the Ancash huayno, a traditional Andean manifestation in which Quechua folk poems and traditional rural music are combined. The research was descriptive and approached with a qualitative approach. The data collected demonstrates that the Quechua verbal art in the Ancash Huayno evidences the use of different lexical, expressive-communicative and literary resources to manifest different aspects of life, death and love with its many facets. In the composition of the verses it is evident processes of resemantization and new semantic turns that acquire words and expressions, use of linguistic loans and code switching, expressed poetically and metaphorically. In this way, the Ancash huayno songs poetically and artistically interprets the feelings and experiences of its people and constitutes the Ancash cultural richness

Este artículo describe y analiza, desde la perspectiva lingüística y literaria, los recursos expresivos, literarios y lingüístico-comunicativos en el huayno ancashino, una manifestación tradicional andina en la que se combinan poemas populares quechuas y la música tradicional rural. El estudio de fue nivel descriptivo y abordado con enfoque cualitativo. La data recolectada demuestra que el arte verbal quechua en el huayno ancashino evidencia el uso de diferentes recursos léxicos, expresivo-comunicativos y literarios para manifestar diferentes aspectos de la vida, la muerte y el amor con sus múltiples facetas. En la composición de los versos se evidencia procesos de resemantización y nuevos giros semánticos que adquieren las palabras y expresiones, uso de préstamos lingüísticos y alternancia de códigos, presentadas poética y metafóricamente. De esta manera, el huayno ancashino interpreta poética y artísticamente el sentir y las vivencias de sus gentes y se constituye en la riqueza cultural ancashina

Carrapatos e as doenças por eles transmitidas causam grandes perdas econômicas ao gado dos países tropicais. Alternativas não-químicas incluem o uso de raças de gado que sejam resistentes, controle biológico e vacinas. No entanto, o método mais utilizado é a aplicação de diferentes classes químicas de acaricidas e lactonas macrocíclicas. Populações de piolhos de gado, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, resistentes aos organofosfatos (OP), piretoides sintéticos (SP), amitraz e fipronil, foram descritas no México. Lactonas macrocíclicas são as drogas antiparasitárias mais vendidas no mercado veterinário mexicano. Populações de R. (B.) microplus resistentes à irvemectina foram relatadas no Brasil, Uruguai e especialmente no México (Veracruz e Yucatan). Embora os níveis de resistência à ivermectina no R. (B.) microplus do México tenha sido relativamente baixa, na maioria dos casos, algumas populações campestres de R. (B.) microplus mostraram altos níveis de resistência à ivermectina. A população CHPAT mostrou uma razão de resistência de 10,23 e 79,6 na concentração letal de 50% e 99%, respectivamente. Muitas populações campestres de R. (B.) microplussão resistentes a múltiplas classes de drogas antiparasitárias, incluindo organofosfatos (clorpirifós, coumafos e diazinon), piretoides (flumetrina, deltametrina e cipermetrina), amitraz e ivermectina. Este artigo relata o estado atual de resistência do R. (B.) microplus aos acaricidas, especialmente ivermectina, no gado mexicano.

Ticks and the diseases they transmit cause great economic losses to livestock in tropical countries. Non-chemical control alternatives include the use of resistant cattle breeds, biological control and vaccines. However, the most widely used method is the application of different chemical classes of acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. Populations of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, resistant to organophosphates (OP), synthetic pyrethroids (SP), amitraz and fipronil have been reported in Mexico. Macrocyclic lactones are the most sold antiparasitic drug in the Mexican veterinary market. Ivermectin-resistant populations of R. (B.) microplus have been reported in Brazil, Uruguay and especially in Mexico (Veracruz and Yucatan). Although ivermectin resistance levels in R. (B.) microplus from Mexico were generally low in most cases, some field populations of R. (B.) microplus exhibited high levels of ivermectin resistance. The CHPAT population showed a resistance ratio of 10.23 and 79.6 at lethal concentration of 50% and 99%, respectively. Many field populations of R. (B.) microplus are resistant to multiple classes of antiparasitic drugs, including organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, coumaphos and diazinon), pyrethroids (flumethrin, deltamethrin and cypermethrin), amitraz and ivermectin. This paper reports the current status of the resistance of R. (B.) microplus to acaricides, especially ivermectin, in Mexican cattle.